The Finnish language has about fourteen or fifteen cases for nouns. Most of them correspond to English prepositions roughly as follows:
case suffix English prep. sample word form translation of the sample
nominatiivi - talo house
genetiivi -n of talon of (a) house
essiivi -na as talona as a house
partitiivi -(t)a - taloa house (as an object)
translatiivi -ksi to (role of) taloksi to a house
inessiivi -ssa in talossa in (a) house
elatiivi -sta from (inside) talosta from (a) house
illatiivi -an, -en etc into taloon into (a) house
adessiivi -lla at, on talolla at (a) house
ablatiivi -lta from talolta from (a) house
allatiivi -lle to talolle to (a) house
abessiivi -tta without talotta without (a) house
komitatiivi -ne- together (with) taloineni with my house(s)
instruktiivi -n with (the aid of) (talon) with (a) house
Notes
1. nominatiivi (nominative) is the case of a subject and has no ending in the singular; in plural it has the ending -t whereas in most other cases the plural suffix is -i- which appears before the case suffix (e.g.: taloissa)
2. genetiivi (genitive) indicates mainly relations similar to those expressed using the genitive or the "of" preposition in English, but it is also one of the cases of an object
3. essiivi usually indicates some sort of role
4. partitiivi indicates, among other things, the partiality of an object; e.g., the sentence söin omenaa has such an object and it it would normally be translated as 'I was eating an apple', whereas söin omenan contains a so-called total object (with the object in genitive), meaning that the entire apple was eaten, and it could be translated as 'I ate an apple' or 'I ate the apple', depending on the context; but in many situation, partitiivi is simply the grammatical form "required" by the verb, as in rakastan sinua 'I love you'; it is also used (in singular!) with numerals, e.g. kolme taloa 'three houses'
5. translatiivi may indicate the result of a state or role transition, e.g. tulla opettajaksi 'become a teacher'; but it has many other uses as well, e.g. suomeksi 'in Finnish'
6. inessiivi usually refers to being within or in close contact with something
7. elatiivi typically indicates movement from within (or from close contact with) something; but it is also used in more abstract meanings, as in minusta 'in my opinion'
8. illatiivi normally indicates movement into (or to close contact with) something
9. adessiivi can refer to being near or on the surface of something but has several other uses as well, including the indication of instrument or method or manner as well as idiomatic expression like minulla on 'I have' (literally, 'at me there is')
10. ablatiivi indicates movement from the neighborhood (or from the surface of) something
11. allatiivi indicates movement to the neighborhood (or to the surface of) something, or indicates the recipient (of giving something, for example)
12. abessiivi corresponds to English preposition "without"; rarely used, except in sayings and nominal forms of verbs
13. komitatiivi indicates company; the ending is followed by a possessive suffix; relatively rare
14. instruktiivi indicates instrument; probably the rarest of cases; the singular forms, similar to genitive, are mostly adverb-like (e.g. jalan 'by foot'); instrument is usually expressed using adessiivi or other cases
15. akkusatiivi (accusative, objective, the case of an object) is often listed as a case, too, although its form coincides with the form of the nominative or the form of the genitive, except for the personal pronouns which have specific accusative forms (minut, sinut, etc.).
Among the cases, the six cases inessiivi, elatiivi, illatiivi, adessiivi, ablatiivi, allatiivi form a rather orthogonal system of locative cases, with the first three referring to inner relations (in, from, into) and the rest to corresponding outer relations. In practise, the rules for selecting inner or outer locative case are complicated and have a lot of exceptions. For instance, we say Helsingissä 'in Helsinki' but Tampereella 'in Tampere' with no easily explainable reason. (Even Finns have problems in selecting the correct case when using a less common municipality name. A list of municipality names and their cases has been composed for such purposes.) Moreover, the cases essiivi and partitiivi originally had locative meanings, too, and this is still preserved in some adverbs and sayings (e.g. ulkona 'outside'). Translatiivi can be regarded as an abstract locative case. Thus, in total nine of the fourteen cases can be explained as referring to locality of some sort!
Frequency of usage
The cases can be roughly divided into three categories by frequency:
1. the common cases nominatiivi, genetiivi and partitiivi, which cover about 76 % of all occurrences
2. the nine locative cases in the broad sense, as explained above
3. the rare cases abessiivi, komitatiivi and instruktiivi, which mostly live in special phrases only.
Frequency of usage of cases in Finnish 35.24 % nominatiivi
15.69 % genetiivi
9.89 % nominatiivi pl.
7.65 % partitiivi
3.85 % genetiivi pl.
3.79 % illatiivi
3.50 % partitiivi pl.
3.31 % inessiivi
2.55 % elatiivi
2.30 % adessiivi
2.25 % instruktiivi pl.
1.73 % essiivi
1.40 % elatiivi pl.
1.23 % translatiivi
0.95 % allatiivi
0.93 % inessiivi pl.
0.74 % illatiivi pl.
0.73 % adessiivi pl.
0.58 % allatiivi pl.
0.51 % essiivi pl.
0.47 % ablatiivi
0.31 % abessiivi
0.17 % ablatiivi pl.
0.14 % translatiivi pl.
0.04 % komitatiivi pl.
0.04 % akkusatiivi
0.01 % akkusatiivi pl.
0.01 % abessiivi pl.
The table gives the distribution of cases in the texts of the Helsingin Sanomat newspaper during the first half of 1997 (N = 2,515,113). The entries with the text "pl." indicate the frequency of plural forms, while the entries without such text are for singular. Thus, for example, nominatiivi alone accounts for about 45 % of all occurrences.
The table is based on automated analysis, which in known to produce some incorrect results, due to the impossibility of disambiguating some word forms without semantic analysis. For example, the singular forms of instruktiivi coincide with those of genetiivi and are counted under it; this however does not cause much distortion, since instruktiivi is very rare in singular.
In the table, "akkusatiivi" refers to those forms of personal pronouns that are morphologically distinguishable as akkusatiivi, e.g. "minut".
Some theoretical notes
The variation in the number of cases in different sources of information about Finnish is mostly explained by the inclusion or exclusion of akkusatiivi as a separate case. Otherwise there is little disagreement about the matter, but for completeness I mention a few issues:
* One might regard instruktiivi as having vanished, remaining only in sayings and adverbs.
* Sometimes a case called prolatiivi, with ending -tse and corresponding to English prepositions 'through' or 'via', is suggested, but most linguists regard -tse simply as a adverbial suffix. See Kirjeitse annettu määräys. Suomen kielen prolatiiveista.
* Sometimes a case, eksessiivi, with ending -nta (combined from the -na of essiivi and -ta of partitiivi) is suggested, meaning 'from the role of', thus making the system of "pseudo-locative" cases more orthogonal. It has been reported to have been used in a few dialects, but many references to occurrences of eksessiivi in dialects seem to be based on misinterpretations. In some dialects, adverbs like luonta occur, but just as dialectal variants of luota (which is morphologically a partitiivi form and is purely locative in meaning).
* A case ending with -nkaa, with a meaning corresponding to komitatiivi, i.e. 'together with', actually exists in some dialects, possibly due to influence of Estonian -ga case. However it is explainable as simple contraction: talon kanssa > talonkaa.
* In composite words the first word often undergoes changes: hevonen 'horse' + voima 'power' > hevosvoima. One might argue that this means that there is a separate case, kompositiivi. See Suomen kielen yhdyssanamuodot (kompositiivit).
* A case called latiivi, with endings such as -s and a generic locative meaning 'to', has actually existed in the language but only survives in some adverbs (e.g. ulos) and in peculiar derivations which are between adverbs and cases of nouns (!) in the comparative form, e.g. rannemmas (from ranta 'beach,coast' + comparative suffix + ending -s), indicating movement to nearer a beach or coast and synonymous with rannemmaksi (with the translatiivi ending). Note that similar forms, e.g. rannempana and rannempaa, are used, with clearly locative meanings for essiivi and partitiivi.
* There are several very productive suffixes for deriving adverbs, such as -sti. It is sometimes suggested that some of them might be interpreted as case endings. Panu Mäkinen has included such cases into his list of Finnish cases. He regards e.g. -sti as a suffix for multiplikatiivi, obviously due its use with numbers, e.g. kolme 'three' - kolmesti 'three times, thrice'. However, a much more common use for that suffix is to derive adverbs from adjectives, with the generic meaning 'in a ... manner', or corresponding to the English suffix -ly. For example, iloinen (stem: iloise-) 'happy, joyful' - iloisesti 'happily, with joy'. Often the adessiivi of a noun is used in a similar meaning, e.g. ilolla (from ilo 'happiness, joy') though purists may not regarded this as fully correct, since it reflects the influence of other languages (mainly Swedish). Since the -sti ending often has the same function as the -lla suffix, which is undeniably a case ending, and since it can be formed from all numerals and most adjectives, it looks like a good candidate for a case suffix. However no grammar seems to take such a position.
Confused? That's understandable. Please notice that none of the suggested cases in the list above passes the following congruence test: in Finnish, an adjective attribute (almost always) complies in its form with the noun, e.g. isossa talossa, isoilla taloilla etc. That is, the case (and number) is expressed both in a noun and in an attached adjective attribute. And none of the proposed cases can take such an attribute, so they are more adequately regarded as classes of adverbs or as other constructs than cases.
case suffix English prep. sample word form translation of the sample
nominatiivi - talo house
genetiivi -n of talon of (a) house
essiivi -na as talona as a house
partitiivi -(t)a - taloa house (as an object)
translatiivi -ksi to (role of) taloksi to a house
inessiivi -ssa in talossa in (a) house
elatiivi -sta from (inside) talosta from (a) house
illatiivi -an, -en etc into taloon into (a) house
adessiivi -lla at, on talolla at (a) house
ablatiivi -lta from talolta from (a) house
allatiivi -lle to talolle to (a) house
abessiivi -tta without talotta without (a) house
komitatiivi -ne- together (with) taloineni with my house(s)
instruktiivi -n with (the aid of) (talon) with (a) house
Notes
1. nominatiivi (nominative) is the case of a subject and has no ending in the singular; in plural it has the ending -t whereas in most other cases the plural suffix is -i- which appears before the case suffix (e.g.: taloissa)
2. genetiivi (genitive) indicates mainly relations similar to those expressed using the genitive or the "of" preposition in English, but it is also one of the cases of an object
3. essiivi usually indicates some sort of role
4. partitiivi indicates, among other things, the partiality of an object; e.g., the sentence söin omenaa has such an object and it it would normally be translated as 'I was eating an apple', whereas söin omenan contains a so-called total object (with the object in genitive), meaning that the entire apple was eaten, and it could be translated as 'I ate an apple' or 'I ate the apple', depending on the context; but in many situation, partitiivi is simply the grammatical form "required" by the verb, as in rakastan sinua 'I love you'; it is also used (in singular!) with numerals, e.g. kolme taloa 'three houses'
5. translatiivi may indicate the result of a state or role transition, e.g. tulla opettajaksi 'become a teacher'; but it has many other uses as well, e.g. suomeksi 'in Finnish'
6. inessiivi usually refers to being within or in close contact with something
7. elatiivi typically indicates movement from within (or from close contact with) something; but it is also used in more abstract meanings, as in minusta 'in my opinion'
8. illatiivi normally indicates movement into (or to close contact with) something
9. adessiivi can refer to being near or on the surface of something but has several other uses as well, including the indication of instrument or method or manner as well as idiomatic expression like minulla on 'I have' (literally, 'at me there is')
10. ablatiivi indicates movement from the neighborhood (or from the surface of) something
11. allatiivi indicates movement to the neighborhood (or to the surface of) something, or indicates the recipient (of giving something, for example)
12. abessiivi corresponds to English preposition "without"; rarely used, except in sayings and nominal forms of verbs
13. komitatiivi indicates company; the ending is followed by a possessive suffix; relatively rare
14. instruktiivi indicates instrument; probably the rarest of cases; the singular forms, similar to genitive, are mostly adverb-like (e.g. jalan 'by foot'); instrument is usually expressed using adessiivi or other cases
15. akkusatiivi (accusative, objective, the case of an object) is often listed as a case, too, although its form coincides with the form of the nominative or the form of the genitive, except for the personal pronouns which have specific accusative forms (minut, sinut, etc.).
Among the cases, the six cases inessiivi, elatiivi, illatiivi, adessiivi, ablatiivi, allatiivi form a rather orthogonal system of locative cases, with the first three referring to inner relations (in, from, into) and the rest to corresponding outer relations. In practise, the rules for selecting inner or outer locative case are complicated and have a lot of exceptions. For instance, we say Helsingissä 'in Helsinki' but Tampereella 'in Tampere' with no easily explainable reason. (Even Finns have problems in selecting the correct case when using a less common municipality name. A list of municipality names and their cases has been composed for such purposes.) Moreover, the cases essiivi and partitiivi originally had locative meanings, too, and this is still preserved in some adverbs and sayings (e.g. ulkona 'outside'). Translatiivi can be regarded as an abstract locative case. Thus, in total nine of the fourteen cases can be explained as referring to locality of some sort!
Frequency of usage
The cases can be roughly divided into three categories by frequency:
1. the common cases nominatiivi, genetiivi and partitiivi, which cover about 76 % of all occurrences
2. the nine locative cases in the broad sense, as explained above
3. the rare cases abessiivi, komitatiivi and instruktiivi, which mostly live in special phrases only.
Frequency of usage of cases in Finnish 35.24 % nominatiivi
15.69 % genetiivi
9.89 % nominatiivi pl.
7.65 % partitiivi
3.85 % genetiivi pl.
3.79 % illatiivi
3.50 % partitiivi pl.
3.31 % inessiivi
2.55 % elatiivi
2.30 % adessiivi
2.25 % instruktiivi pl.
1.73 % essiivi
1.40 % elatiivi pl.
1.23 % translatiivi
0.95 % allatiivi
0.93 % inessiivi pl.
0.74 % illatiivi pl.
0.73 % adessiivi pl.
0.58 % allatiivi pl.
0.51 % essiivi pl.
0.47 % ablatiivi
0.31 % abessiivi
0.17 % ablatiivi pl.
0.14 % translatiivi pl.
0.04 % komitatiivi pl.
0.04 % akkusatiivi
0.01 % akkusatiivi pl.
0.01 % abessiivi pl.
The table gives the distribution of cases in the texts of the Helsingin Sanomat newspaper during the first half of 1997 (N = 2,515,113). The entries with the text "pl." indicate the frequency of plural forms, while the entries without such text are for singular. Thus, for example, nominatiivi alone accounts for about 45 % of all occurrences.
The table is based on automated analysis, which in known to produce some incorrect results, due to the impossibility of disambiguating some word forms without semantic analysis. For example, the singular forms of instruktiivi coincide with those of genetiivi and are counted under it; this however does not cause much distortion, since instruktiivi is very rare in singular.
In the table, "akkusatiivi" refers to those forms of personal pronouns that are morphologically distinguishable as akkusatiivi, e.g. "minut".
Some theoretical notes
The variation in the number of cases in different sources of information about Finnish is mostly explained by the inclusion or exclusion of akkusatiivi as a separate case. Otherwise there is little disagreement about the matter, but for completeness I mention a few issues:
* One might regard instruktiivi as having vanished, remaining only in sayings and adverbs.
* Sometimes a case called prolatiivi, with ending -tse and corresponding to English prepositions 'through' or 'via', is suggested, but most linguists regard -tse simply as a adverbial suffix. See Kirjeitse annettu määräys. Suomen kielen prolatiiveista.
* Sometimes a case, eksessiivi, with ending -nta (combined from the -na of essiivi and -ta of partitiivi) is suggested, meaning 'from the role of', thus making the system of "pseudo-locative" cases more orthogonal. It has been reported to have been used in a few dialects, but many references to occurrences of eksessiivi in dialects seem to be based on misinterpretations. In some dialects, adverbs like luonta occur, but just as dialectal variants of luota (which is morphologically a partitiivi form and is purely locative in meaning).
* A case ending with -nkaa, with a meaning corresponding to komitatiivi, i.e. 'together with', actually exists in some dialects, possibly due to influence of Estonian -ga case. However it is explainable as simple contraction: talon kanssa > talonkaa.
* In composite words the first word often undergoes changes: hevonen 'horse' + voima 'power' > hevosvoima. One might argue that this means that there is a separate case, kompositiivi. See Suomen kielen yhdyssanamuodot (kompositiivit).
* A case called latiivi, with endings such as -s and a generic locative meaning 'to', has actually existed in the language but only survives in some adverbs (e.g. ulos) and in peculiar derivations which are between adverbs and cases of nouns (!) in the comparative form, e.g. rannemmas (from ranta 'beach,coast' + comparative suffix + ending -s), indicating movement to nearer a beach or coast and synonymous with rannemmaksi (with the translatiivi ending). Note that similar forms, e.g. rannempana and rannempaa, are used, with clearly locative meanings for essiivi and partitiivi.
* There are several very productive suffixes for deriving adverbs, such as -sti. It is sometimes suggested that some of them might be interpreted as case endings. Panu Mäkinen has included such cases into his list of Finnish cases. He regards e.g. -sti as a suffix for multiplikatiivi, obviously due its use with numbers, e.g. kolme 'three' - kolmesti 'three times, thrice'. However, a much more common use for that suffix is to derive adverbs from adjectives, with the generic meaning 'in a ... manner', or corresponding to the English suffix -ly. For example, iloinen (stem: iloise-) 'happy, joyful' - iloisesti 'happily, with joy'. Often the adessiivi of a noun is used in a similar meaning, e.g. ilolla (from ilo 'happiness, joy') though purists may not regarded this as fully correct, since it reflects the influence of other languages (mainly Swedish). Since the -sti ending often has the same function as the -lla suffix, which is undeniably a case ending, and since it can be formed from all numerals and most adjectives, it looks like a good candidate for a case suffix. However no grammar seems to take such a position.
Confused? That's understandable. Please notice that none of the suggested cases in the list above passes the following congruence test: in Finnish, an adjective attribute (almost always) complies in its form with the noun, e.g. isossa talossa, isoilla taloilla etc. That is, the case (and number) is expressed both in a noun and in an attached adjective attribute. And none of the proposed cases can take such an attribute, so they are more adequately regarded as classes of adverbs or as other constructs than cases.
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