There is a lot of information available about consonant gradation (Finnish: astevaihtelu) in the Finnish language, but it is mostly incomplete and even partly incorrect. One reason for this is that most presentations do not distinguish the assumed history of the phenomenon from its nature in modern Finnish. Moreover, orthographic conventions can be misleading; contrary to widespread claims, Finnish orthography is not purely phonemic, as described in Finnish my treatise Onko suomen kirjoitusjärjestelmä ihanteellinen? This document focuses on the consonant gradation in modern Finnish, mostly in standard Finnish. Its history is interesting, but it is easy to get misled if you analyze the present through the historic background. The basic definition Consonant gradation is a specific kind of allomorphic variation between alternatives called strong grade and weak grade involving a stop (a k, p, or t sound, or rarely a g or b) at least in the strong grade. The weak grade mostly appears at the
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